Bumblebee thermoregulation at increasing temperatures is affected by behavioral state.

Over the past decades, increasing environmental temperatures have been identified as one of the causes of major insect population declines and biodiversity loss. However, it is unclear how these rising temperatures affect endoheterothermic insects, like bumblebees, that have evolved thermoregulatory capacities to exploit cold and temperate habitats. To investigate this, we measured head, thoracic, and abdominal temperature of bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) workers across a range of temperatures (24 °C-32 °C) during three distinct behaviors. In resting bumblebees, the head, abdomen, and thorax conformed to the environmental temperature. In pre-flight bumblebees, the head and abdominal temperatures were elevated with respect to the environmental temperature, while the thoracic temperature was maintained, indicating a pre-flight muscle warming stage. In post-flight bumblebees, abdominal temperature increased at the same rate as environmental temperature, but the head and the thoracic temperature did not. By calculating the excess temperature ratio, we show that thermoregulation in bumblebees during flight is partially achieved by the active transfer of heat produced in the thorax to the abdomen, where it can more easily be dissipated. These results provide the first indication that the thermoregulatory abilities of bumblebees are plastic and behavior dependent. We also show that the flight speed and number of workers foraging increase with increasing temperature, suggesting that bees do not avoid flying at these temperatures despite its impact on behavioral performance.

Oral contraceptives in adolescents: a retrospective population-based study on blood pressure and metabolic dysregulation.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the relationship between oral contraceptive use and blood pressure values and in a national cohort of women adolescents and to investigate the level of coexistence of the high blood pressure levels, dyslipidemia or insulin resistance. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study that evaluated data form 14,299 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years. Crude and race-and age-adjusted analyses were performed using Poisson regression to estimate the prevalence ratios. Data clustering analysis was performed using machine learning approaches supported by an unsupervised neural network of self-organizing maps. RESULTS: We found that 14.5% (n = 2076) of the women adolescents use oral contraceptives. Moreover, an increased prevalence of high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (all P < 0.001) was observed among adolescents who use oral contraceptives as compared to those who do not. Our analysis also showed that 2.3% of adolescents using oral contraceptives had both high blood pressure levels and dyslipidemia, whereas 3.2% had high blood pressure levels combined with insulin resistance (all P < 0.001). The algorithmic investigative approach demonstrated that total cholesterol, LDLc, HDLc, insulin, and HOMA-IR were the most predicted variables to assist classificatory association in the context of oral contraceptive use among women adolescents with high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that oral contraceptives were associated with an increased prevalence of high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance among women adolescents. Although the indication of this therapy is adequate to avoid unintended pregnancies, their use must be based on rigorous individual evaluation and under constant control of the cardiometabolic risk factors.

Experiences of social stigma of people living with Hansen's disease in Brazil: silencing, secrets and exclusion.

BACKGROUND: Hansen's disease is a chronic, infectious and transmissible disease that is considered a public health problem in Brazil. Hansen's disease is marked by stigma and prejudice, because it carries with it a strong negative social image, reinforced by policies of social isolation in the community. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in Ribeirão Preto, an inland city of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Eleven patients under treatment for the disease were interviewed. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed in full, then were analyzed through the stages of transcription, transposition and reconstitution, as informed by concepts proposed by Goffman. RESULTS: The results showed that the marks of stigma are still present in the twenty-first century and were presented in two axes: 'Stigma and work for the person affected by Hansen's disease' and 'The experience of stigma in the family'. The participants refer to fears of losing their jobs and of being ridiculed, which stops them talking about the disease. Regarding their families, the participants reported episodes of discrimination, the creation of family secrets and fear of relatives' reactions. CONCLUSIONS: All these aspects interfere in the follow-up and treatment of patients and need to be considered and welcomed by health professionals. It is recommended that these aspects are addressed in the initial training and continuing education of health professionals. CONTEXTE: La maladie de Hansen est une maladie chronique, infectieuse et transmissible, considérée comme un problème de santé publique au Brésil. La maladie de Hansen est marquée par la stigmatisation et les préjugés, car elle véhicule une image sociale fortement négative, renforcée par des politiques d'isolement social au sein de la communauté. MÉTHODES: Étude qualitative menée à Ribeirão Preto, une ville intérieure de l'État de São Paulo, au Brésil. Onze patients traités pour la maladie ont été interrogés. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés et transcrits intégralement, et ont été analysés en suivant les étapes de transcription, de transposition et de reconstitution, selon les concepts proposés par Goffman. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats montrent que les marques de la stigmatisation sont toujours présentes au 21ème siècle et ont été présentées selon deux axes : 'La stigmatisation et le travail pour la personne affectée par la maladie de Hansen' et 'L'expérience de la stigmatisation dans la famille'. Les participants évoquent la peur de perdre leur emploi, la peur d'être ridiculisés, ce qui les pousse à ne pas parler de la maladie. En ce qui concerne les familles, les participants ont rapporté des épisodes de discrimination, la création de secrets de famille et la peur des réactions des proches. CONCLUSIONS: Tous ces aspects interfèrent dans le suivi et le traitement des patients et doivent être pris en compte et accueillis par les professionnels de la santé. Il est recommandé que ces aspects soient abordés dans la formation initiale et la formation continue des professionnels de la santé. ANTECEDENTES: La enfermedad de Hansen es una enfermedad crónica, infecciosa y transmisible, considerada un problema de salud pública en Brasil. La enfermedad de Hansen está marcada por el estigma y el prejuicio, ya que conlleva una fuerte imagen social negativa, reforzada por políticas de aislamiento social en la comunidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo realizado en Ribeirão Preto, una ciudad del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se entrevistaron a once pacientes en tratamiento para la enfermedad. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas en su totalidad y analizadas a través de etapas de transcripción, transposición y reconstitución, según los conceptos propuestos por Goffman. RESULTADOS: Los resultados muestran que las marcas del estigma siguen presentes en el siglo XXI y se presentaron en dos ejes: 'Estigma y trabajo para la persona afectada por la enfermedad de Hansen' y 'La experiencia del estigma en la familia'. Los participantes mencionan el miedo a perder sus trabajos, el temor a ser ridiculizados, lo que les impide comentar sobre la enfermedad. En cuanto a las familias, los participantes reportaron episodios de discriminación, la creación de secretos familiares y el miedo a las reacciones de los familiares. CONCLUSIONES: Todos estos aspectos interfieren en el seguimiento y tratamiento de los pacientes y deben ser considerados y acogidos por los profesionales sanitarios. Se recomienda abordar estos aspectos en la formación inicial y la educación continua de los profesionales sanitarios.

La influencia de las instituciones en los consejos locales de salud / The influence of the institutions on local health councils

Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de las instituciones en el funcionamiento de los consejos locales de salud. Diseño: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio. Emplazamiento: Dos servicios de atención primaria de salud de un municipio del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil.Participantes: Veinticuatro miembros de los consejos locales de salud y 4 informantes clave. Método: Basado en el marco teórico y metodológico del análisis institucional. Los datos fueron producidos a través de 28 entrevistas individuales con preguntas semiestructuradas, observación, participación en las actividades de los consejos y registro en el diario de investigación. Los datos fueron organizados por el proceso de transcripción, transposición y reconstitución. Resultados: Las instituciones actúan en los territorios representados por actores sociales que ocupan cargos y funciones dentro de los servicios de atención primaria de salud, evidenciando la perpetuación de la jerarquización con valorización de los discursos de los profesionales y gestores en detrimento de los pacientes y predominio de reuniones burocratizadas. Los actores sociales reproducen los ideales del colectivo al que pertenecen en estos espacios. Conclusión: No siempre los equipos de gestión de salud reconocen las diferentes fuerzas que actúan en el territorio de salud, sin embargo, estas fuerzas interfieren en las actividades desarrolladas y en la atención de la salud. Los grupos actúan tanto en espacios formales a través de representantes oficiales que se reúnen y discuten temas en colegiados como en espacios informales y constituyen fuerzas en disputa en el territorio de salud.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the influences of the institutions in the operation of the Local Health councils. Design: qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study. Study setting: 02 Primary Health Care services of a municipality in the inland of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Participants: twenty-four members of the Local Health Councils and 4 key informants. Methods: Supported by the theoretical methodological framework of Institutional Analysis. Data were produced through 28 semi-structured interviews, observation and participation in the activities of the councils and recording in the research diary. Data were organized and analyzed by the process of transcription, transposition and reconstitution. Results: The institutions act in the territories represented by social actors who occupy positions and functions within the Primary Health Care services, evidencing the perpetuation of hierarchization with valorization of the speeches of professionals and managers to the detriment of patients and predominance of bureaucratized meetings. The social actors reproduce the ideals of the collective to which they belong in these spaces. Conclusions: The health management teams do not recognize the different forces that act in the health territory, however, these forces interfere in the activities performed and in health care. The groups act both in formal spaces through official representatives who meet and discuss issues in collegiate meetings and in informal spaces, and constitute forces in dispute in the health territory.(AU)

Age estimation in adults by canine teeth: a systematic review of the Cameriere method with meta-analysis on the reliability of the pulp/tooth area ratio.

The age estimation of an adult using methods accessible to the forensic routine is a goal pursued by forensic experts. Cameriere, Ferrante and Cingolani (2004) proposed the use of the pulp/tooth area ratio of canine teeth as a promising variable, but its reliability has shown conflicting results in the scientific literature. This article aimed to carry out a systematic review with meta-analysis to verify whether the pulp/tooth area ratio of canine teeth includes a variable that can be used alone to estimate dental age in adults. A systematic search was carried out in six databases using keywords related to the theme in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. The study selection process followed pre-established eligibility criteria. Assessments were carried out regarding risk of bias and publication bias of selected studies, and meta-analysis was carried out considering Pearson's correlation coefficient between pulp/tooth area ratio and chronological age as effect measure. Most selected studies showed low risk of bias; no publication bias was found when all studies were considered, and potential publication bias was found when outliers were removed. Despite the high heterogeneity among studies and the need for more research, it could be observed that the pulp/tooth area ratio has strong negative correlation with chronological age, and the pulp/tooth area ratio could be derived from both periapical radiographs and orthopantomographs. Therefore, it is suggested that there is scientific evidence that the pulp/tooth area ratio obtained from canine teeth is reliable for dental age estimation in adults.

[The influence of the institutions on local health councils]. / La influencia de las instituciones en los consejos locales de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influences of the institutions in the operation of the Local Health councils. DESIGN: qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study. STUDY SETTING: 02 Primary Health Care services of a municipality in the inland of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: twenty-four members of the Local Health Councils and 4 key informants. METHODS: Supported by the theoretical methodological framework of Institutional Analysis. Data were produced through 28 semi-structured interviews, observation and participation in the activities of the councils and recording in the research diary. Data were organized and analyzed by the process of transcription, transposition and reconstitution. RESULTS: The institutions act in the territories represented by social actors who occupy positions and functions within the Primary Health Care services, evidencing the perpetuation of hierarchization with valorization of the speeches of professionals and managers to the detriment of patients and predominance of bureaucratized meetings. The social actors reproduce the ideals of the collective to which they belong in these spaces. CONCLUSIONS: The health management teams do not recognize the different forces that act in the health territory, however, these forces interfere in the activities performed and in health care. The groups act both in formal spaces through official representatives who meet and discuss issues in collegiate meetings and in informal spaces, and constitute forces in dispute in the health territory.

Cephalometric comparison of mandibular growth in Brazilian children with Class II malocclusion and normal occlusion during the growth stages determined by the cervical vertebrae maturation.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared mandibular growth in children, aged 7 to 12 years, with Class II malocclusion and normal occlusion, between the following stages of cervical vertebrae maturation: initiation (I), acceleration (A), transition (T). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 148 lateral cephalograms (78 males, 70 females) of Class II malocclusion patients, and 60 lateral cephalograms (30 males, 30 females) of normal occlusion patients were included. The following linear cephalometric measurements were performed: Co-Gn (effective mandibular length), Co-Go (ramus height), and Go-Gn (length of mandibular body). Mean values of increments between stages (I-A, A-T, I-T) were obtained for each group and gender. Results were compared using the Student t-test, and a significance level of 0.05% was adopted. RESULTS: Females group: A-T interval presented a greater increment in Co-Go in the Class II group, which was not significant for the I-T interval, with numerically smaller increments in Co-Gn and Go-Gn, without statistical significance. Males group: intervals I-A, A-T and I-T showed numerically smaller growth increments in the Class II group, with statistical significance for Co-Gn in I-A (p=0.001) and I-T (p=0.003). Comparing genders of the Class II group, Co-Go was higher in males (p=0.002) and I-T interval (p=0.031). In the Normal Occlusion group, the male gender had the greatest Co-Gn (p=0.038) for the I-A interval. In A-T and I-T, Co-Go in males was higher, with statistical significance (p=0.000 and p=0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: Growth phenomenon affects the mandibular dimensions regardless of the character of the malocclusion, with a tendency to be smaller in the presence of Class II malocclusion.

Violence in the Nursing Workplace in the Context of Primary Health Care: A Qualitative Study.

Violence demands considerable attention due to its complexity and social consequences. The objective of this study was to analyze violence in the nursing professional workplace in the context of primary health care in Brazil. It is a qualitative study with theoretical and methodological reference to institutional analysis. It was carried out in basic health units in Brazil. Nursing professionals (N = 11) participated in semi-structured interviews and discussion groups, in addition to a research diary and participant observation. Data collection took place from October to December 2021. The results are presented in five categories: types of violence and aggressors from the perspective of nursing professionals; the causes of violence reported by professionals; strategies for the management of violence; professionals' proposals for preventing violence in health contexts; the consequences of violence in the workplace. Nursing professionals make up a large part of the workforce and have reported verbal, physical, moral, and psychological violence. The main causes are associated with user access to services. For the prevention of violence, professionals do not see themselves as protagonists of change. The consequences are the loss of quality of work and the health of professionals who requested sick leave and transfers. The study's findings can help in the development of public policies and educational and management actions.

Chemical diversity and antifouling activity of geniculate calcareous algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil.

Marine biofouling is a natural process by which many organisms colonize and grow in submerged structures, causing serious economic consequences for the maritime industry. Geniculate calcareous algae (GCA; Corallinales, Rhodophyta) produce bioactive secondary metabolites and are a promise for new antifouling compounds. Here, we investigated the antifouling activity of four GCA species-Amphiroa beauvoisii, Jania sagittata (formerly Cheilosporum sagittatum), Jania crassa, and Jania prolifera (formerly Amphiroa flabellata)-from the Brazilian coast against macro- and microorganisms. Simultaneously, metabolomic tools were applied to assess the chemical profiles of these seaweeds using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data analysis by principal component and molecular networking analyses used the global natural products social molecular networking platform (GNPS). Our results showed that all extracts were active against different strains of marine bacteria and that the J. sagittata (JsSI) extract showed the highest percentage of bacterial inhibition. The J. sagittata (JsSI) extract was the most active against the mussel Perna perna, showing 100% byssus inhibition. Regarding toxicity, only the J. crassa (JcP) extract showed a 20% mortality rate. The chemical profiles of the evaluated GCA extracts differed qualitatively and quantitatively. Yet, the steroid (3ß)-cholest-5-en-3-ol was the major compound commonly identified in all extracts, with the exception of J. sagittata (JsSI). Moreover, we observed intra- and interspecific chemical variabilities among GCA extracts for the different populations, which could explain their antifouling activity variability. This study contributed new information about the chemical compounds produced by this group of seaweeds and showed its antifouling potential. These GCA species may be the subject of future studies to obtain new bioactive compounds with biotechnological potential in maritime areas.

Effects of Resistance Training of Upper Limb and Trunk Muscles on Soccer Instep Kick Kinematics.

The upper body and trunk muscles are crucial to perform soccer kicks. Resistance training targeting these muscles may modify the pattern adopted during kicking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training of the arm and anterior trunk muscles on instep kicking kinematics. Twenty-six male participants were randomly allocated into a training group or control group. The training group underwent resistance training of arm and trunk muscles and practiced the instep kick for 8 weeks. The control group only practiced kicking during the same period. The trunk, hip, and knee kinematics were assessed during the instep kick before and after the intervention. Kinematics were analyzed according to their data distribution with statistical parametric or nonparametric mapping. The effect of the training on the 1-repetition maximum test was analyzed using a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance. The training group showed greater hip extension after the training during the backswing phase (Hedge g effect size of 0.316-0.321) and increased 1-repetition maximum for all exercises. There were no other differences. The present study documented the nonlocal effect of strengthening training in which arm and trunk muscle training resulted in changes in hip kinematics during the backswing phase of the instep kick.

Vertical stiffness and lower limb inter-joint coordination in older versus younger runners.

Older runners (OR) are increasing their participation in races. Aging may impact the adopted running pattern. Hence, the analysis of stiffness and the inter-joint lower limb coordination in the sagittal plane could contribute to investigating this impact. This study aimed to compare the vertical stiffness (Kvert) and the inter-joint lower limb coordination in the sagittal plane between younger runners (YR) and OR. This cross-sectional study recruited 15 YR males and 15 OR males. The pelvis and lower limb motions were assessed while running on a treadmill at self-selected (range OR: 1.94-3.75 m.s-1, YR: 2.08-4.17 m.s-1) and fixed speeds (3.33 m.s-1). Hip-ankle, knee-ankle, and hip-knee coupling angle (CA) and its variability (CAV) were extracted using the vector coding method. Mann-Whitney U tests compared Kvert between groups at each running speed. Watson's U2 tests compared the mean CA between groups in three intervals of the contact phase at each running speed. Statistical Parametric Mapping independent t-test compared the CAV curve between groups at each running speed. OR showed greater Kvert than YR at both speeds. Hip-ankle CA pattern differed between groups during the early stance at both speed conditions. OR showed in-phase, distal dominancy in hip-ankle CA, whereas YR showed anti-phase, proximal dominancy. Knee-ankle CA was distinct only at self-selected speed, in which OR showed in-phase, proximal dominancy, while YR exhibited anti-phase, proximal dominancy. CAV did not differ between groups. The findings showed that OR adopted a stiffer pattern characterized by distinct inter-joint lower limb CA, at early stance, during self-selected and fixed speeds.

Effects of lower-limb extensors' neuromuscular fatigue on the regularity of running movements: a crossover study.

Neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) reduces the musculoskeletal system's ability to produce force during activities like running. Analysis of motor behaviour's regularity may identify motor system deficits caused by fatigue. The present study investigated whether the NMF of lower limb extensors alters the regularity of running movement and whether this possible effect remains over time. Crossover study with two randomised conditions: NMF and control. Twelve healthy young males participated in this study. Hip, knee, and ankle angles (sagittal plane) and centre of mass (CoM) linear accelerations were assessed during treadmill running at self-selected speed in four assessment conditions: Baseline (pre-NMF), and after NMF (NMF condition) or after rest (control), at the 1st (Time_1), 10th (Time_10) and 20th (Time_20) minutes. Kinematics regularity was measured as Sample Entropy. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used (α = 0.05). NMF reduced regularity of lower limb joints during running, and these effects remained up to 20 minutes. No changes were observed in the CoM accelerations' regularity. The regularity reductions may be an adaptive solution for the motor system to maintain the task performance. The measure of regularity of the lower limb joints' motion is sensitive to NMF and can identify states with deficits in muscles' force production capacity in running.

The Work of Nurses in Primary Health Care: Crossings of the New Public Management.

The literature in the field of health management mentions a concept called new public management (NPM), introduced in Brazil and France at the end of the 20th century. The objective of the study was to analyze the repercussions of the work of nurses in primary health care in Brazil and France under the influence of NPM. This is an excerpt of a double-titled thesis, which is a research intervention with nurses from two Brazilian states and five French departments. Data were produced between February 2019 and July 2021. The public policy Health on the Hour acted as an institutional transducer, provoking a reduction in access and producing effects on professional practices. In both countries, NPM amplified the predominance of technical and quantifiable acts, the focus on individual care, and the loss of autonomy. Nurses reported insurmountable situations, using the metaphor "Sophie's choice". The results showed that making dilemmatic decisions has been the daily routine of nurses, which has not resulted in debureaucratization and higher quality of care.

A new marker cluster anchored to the iliotibial band improves tracking of hip and thigh axial rotations.

Tracking hip and thigh axial rotation has limited accuracy due to the large soft tissue artifact. We proposed a tracking-markers cluster anchored to the prominent distal part of the iliotibial band (ITB) to improve thigh tracking. We investigated if the ITB cluster improves accuracy compared with a traditionally used thigh cluster. We also compared the hip kinematics obtained with these clusters during walking and step-down. Hip and thigh kinematics were assessed during a task of active internal-external rotation with the knee extended, in which the shank rotation is a reference due to smaller soft-tissue artifact. Errors of the hip and thigh axial rotations obtained with the thigh clusters compared to the shank cluster were computed as root-mean-square errors, which were compared by paired t-tests. The angular waveforms of this task were compared using the statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Additionally, the hip waveforms in all planes obtained with the thigh clusters were compared during walking and step-down, using Coefficients of Multiple Correlation (CMC) and SPM (α = 0.05 for all analyses). The ITB cluster errors were approximately 25 % smaller than the traditional cluster error (p < 0.001). ITB cluster errors were smaller at external rotation angles while the traditional cluster error was smaller at internal rotation angles (p < 0.001), although the clusters' waveforms were not significantly different (p ≥ 0.005). During walking and step-down, both clusters provided similar hip kinematics (CMC ≥ 0.75), but differences were observed in parts of the cycles (p ≤ 0.04). The findings suggest that the ITB cluster may be used in studies focused on hip axial rotation.

Effect of sleep deprivation on postural control and dynamic stability in healthy young adults.

BACKGROUND: Postural control results from non-linear interactions of multiple neuromusculoskeletal elements and contextual factors. The use of non-linear analyses that consider the temporal evolution of postural adjustments, such as sample entropy, could inform about the changes in postural control due to contextual disturbances such as sleep deprivation. RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the effects of sleep deprivation on static postural control and dynamic stability in healthy young adults? METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was performed with 17 healthy young males submitted to 24 h of monitored sleep deprivation. The postural control was measured using sample entropy, area, and total average velocity of the center of pressure on a force platform. The dynamic stability was measured using the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBTm) composite score for each lower limb. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (baseline × 12 h × 15 h × 18 h × 21 h × 24 h of sleep deprivation) verified the effect of sleep deprivation in the postural control variables. Paired t-test compared the composite score of the SEBTm between baseline and 24 h sleep deprivation. RESULTS: Sample entropy decreased after 18 h of sleep deprivation (p = 0.032) and 24 h of sleep deprivation (p = 0.001). Despite the significant main effect for the area (p = 0.012) and speed (p = 0.007) of the center of pressure, no pairwise differences were identified in the post hoc analysis. The non-dominant lower limb SEBTm composite score was reduced after 24 h of sleep deprivation (p = 0.033), and no difference was observed in the dominant limb. SIGNIFICANCE: Sleep deprivation reduced the adaptability in static postural control and dynamic stability of the non-dominant lower limb of healthy young male adults. Sample entropy seemed more sensitive to capture the effects of sleep deprivation than the classical postural control variables.

Construction and validation of a scale to measure consumers knowledge of food processing and acceptance of processed food.

Negative impressions related to food processing can compromise consumer acceptance. Thus, the aim of this study was to validate a tool to assess consumer knowledge and acceptance of food processing. Semantic evaluation was performed with a lay public (n=13). Experts with experience in the area (n=9) participated in the content validation and semantic evaluation, using the Delphi Technique. Overall, there was strong agreement between the judges (Gwet's AC2 = 0.96 [clarity] and 0.81 [relevance]), with Fleiss Kappa equivalent to 0.78, indicating almost perfect agreement. After these phases, the instrument that totaled 37 items approved (W > 0.8) was applied for validation among Brazilian consumers (n = 200). An exploratory factor analysis offered a six-factor solution. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index found was 0.90. The Bartlett Sphericity Test was statistically significant (p<0.001). The final instrument contained 34 items. The calculated Cronbach's Alpha was 0.92, indicating an excellent reliability. The developed Consumers Knowledge of Food Processing and Acceptance of Processed Food (CKAFPAPF) was consistently validated and has proven to be a tool that can help identify information asymmetries, allowing the development of strategies that help consumers to have the correct information to make their food choices more consciously.

Cephalometric comparison of mandibular growth in Brazilian children with Class II malocclusion and normal occlusion during the growth stages determined by the cervical vertebrae maturation

ABSTRACT Objective: This study compared mandibular growth in children, aged 7 to 12 years, with Class II malocclusion and normal occlusion, between the following stages of cervical vertebrae maturation: initiation (I), acceleration (A), transition (T). Material and Methods: A total of 148 lateral cephalograms (78 males, 70 females) of Class II malocclusion patients, and 60 lateral cephalograms (30 males, 30 females) of normal occlusion patients were included. The following linear cephalometric measurements were performed: Co-Gn (effective mandibular length), Co-Go (ramus height), and Go-Gn (length of mandibular body). Mean values of increments between stages (I-A, A-T, I-T) were obtained for each group and gender. Results were compared using the Student t-test, and a significance level of 0.05% was adopted. Results: Females group: A-T interval presented a greater increment in Co-Go in the Class II group, which was not significant for the I-T interval, with numerically smaller increments in Co-Gn and Go-Gn, without statistical significance. Males group: intervals I-A, A-T and I-T showed numerically smaller growth increments in the Class II group, with statistical significance for Co-Gn in I-A (p=0.001) and I-T (p=0.003). Comparing genders of the Class II group, Co-Go was higher in males (p=0.002) and I-T interval (p=0.031). In the Normal Occlusion group, the male gender had the greatest Co-Gn (p=0.038) for the I-A interval. In A-T and I-T, Co-Go in males was higher, with statistical significance (p=0.000 and p=0.002, respectively). Conclusion: Growth phenomenon affects the mandibular dimensions regardless of the character of the malocclusion, with a tendency to be smaller in the presence of Class II malocclusion.

RESUMO Objetivo: Esse estudo comparou o crescimento mandibular em crianças de 7 a 12 anos de idade, com má oclusão de Classe II ou Oclusão Normal, entre os seguintes estágios de maturação das vértebras cervicais: iniciação (I), aceleração (A), transição (T). Material e Métodos: No total, 148 telerradiografias laterais (78 meninos, 70 meninas) de pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II e 60 telerradiografias laterais (30 meninos, 30 meninas) de pacientes com Oclusão Normal foram avaliadas. As medidas cefalométricas lineares Co-Gn (comprimento mandibular efetivo), Co-Go (altura do ramo mandibular) e Go-Gn (comprimento do corpo mandibular) foram analisadas e os valores médios dos incrementos entre os estágios (I-A, A-T e I-T) foram obtidos para cada grupo e sexo. Resultados: Os resultados foram comparados pelo teste t de Student, e o nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05%. Sexo feminino: houve maior incremento na altura do ramo no grupo Classe II em A-T, que diminuiu em I-T, com menores incrementos no comprimento mandibular efetivo e no corpo mandibular, sem significância estatística. Para o sexo masculino, nos intervalos I-A, A-T, I-T, os incrementos de crescimento foram numericamente menores no grupo Classe II, com significância estatística para o comprimento efetivo da mandíbula em I-A (p= 0,001) e em I-T (p= 0,003). No grupo Classe II, a altura do ramo foi maior para o sexo masculino (p= 0,002) e no intervalo I-T (p= 0,031). No grupo Oclusão Normal, o sexo masculino apresentou o maior comprimento mandibular efetivo (p= 0,038) no intervalo I-A. Nos intervalos A-T e I-T, a altura do ramo mandibular no sexo masculino foi maior e com significância estatística de p= 0,000 e p= 0,002, respectivamente. Conclusão: O fenômeno do crescimento afeta as dimensões mandibulares independentemente do característica da má oclusão, com tendência a ser menor na presença da má oclusão de Classe II.

Correção de desvio de linha média dentária com o auxílio de ancoragem esquelética e extrações unilaterais ­ relato de caso / Correction of dental midline deviation with the aid of skeletal anchorage and unilateral extraction ­ case report

Resumo Atualmente temos pacientes mais preocupados com a estética facial, e essa tem sido o principal motivo para a procura do tratamento ortodôntico, sendo a linha média facial um fator importante na análise morfológica do sorriso do ponto de vista estético. O desvio da linha média dentária atinge o complexo dentoalveolar, e ocorre quando existe um desequilíbrio entre os dentes e a base apical, do hemiarco direito e esquerdo ou entre os dentes superiores e os inferiores. A utilização de microparafusos como unidades de ancoragem, além de anular os efeitos colaterais indesejáveis, simplifica a mecânica ortodôntica, fornece uma maior previsibilidade ao resultado do tratamento, proporciona maior conforto e estética ao paciente, reduz o tempo de tratamento e possibilita a correção de casos com perdas dentárias, já que fornece uma ancoragem direta. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi demonstrar através de um relato de caso clínico a correção da assimetria de desvio da linha média e uma melhor harmonia facial com a utilização de exodontias assimétricas de pré-molares e o uso de microparafusos ortodônticos de titânio como ancoragem (AU)

Abstract Currently, patients are more concerned with facial aesthetics, and this has been the main reason for seeking orthodontic treatment, with the facial midline being an important factor in the morphological analysis of the smile from an aesthetic point of view. Deviation from the dental midline affects the dentoalveolar complex, and occurs when there is an imbalance between the teeth and the apical base, of the right and left hemiarch or between the upper and lower teeth. The use of microscrews as anchorage units, in addition to canceling undesirable side effects, simplifies orthodontic mechanics, provides greater predictability of treatment results, provides greater comfort and aesthetics to the patient, reduces treatment time and allows for correction of cases with tooth loss, as it provides direct anchorage. The main objective of this work was to demonstrate, through a clinical case report, the correction of midline deviation asymmetry and better facial harmony with the use of asymmetric extraction of premolars and the use of titanium orthodontic microscrews as anchorage(AU)

Study of the cephalometric standards of individuals with normal occlusion and prevalence of the malocclusion in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Estudo dos padrões cefalométricos de indivíduos com oclusão normal e prevalência das maloclusões no município do Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: The accomplishment of this cephalometric objective to evaluate the face characteristics of this cefalometric work individuals had to the city of this cephalometric prevalence, as well as measure the objective of malocclusion. Methods: For this study, 531 sort of individuals of the masculine organizations of Rio de Janeiro had been submitted to the clinical chait of the course of Master in Orthodontics of the Center Research Leopold Mandic, of which if it got prevalence of malocclusion. Results: Of this sample, it was observed that 22 individuals with normal occlusion and that if they had never submitted the orthodontic treatment. In these patients they had been made taken from normal head in lateral cephalometric radiographs and evaluated the cephalometrics largeness: SNA, SNB, ANB, Axle "Y", NS.Go-Me, FMA, FMIA, IMPA, 1.NA, 1- NA, 1.NB, 1-NB, 1.1, 1.SN, 1.Go-Gn, SN.PLO, AO-BO, Line H, Z angle, P-NB, AFA, AFP and IAF. The gotten date had been submitted to the analysis with a level of significance of 5% (p< 0.05) and used descriptive statistics and the error of Dalbergh. The results showed that of the total of the evaluated sample, the malocclusion of 44.3% of Classroom I; 29.5% of Classroom II; 17.2% of Classroom III and 9.2% of normal occlusion. Conclusion: The individuals with normal occlusion of the city of Rio De Janeiro had presented equal cephalometric characteristics with many standard measures described in literature, except for the superior incisor that were presented vestibulate and the well inclined inferior incisor for vestibular contest.

RESUMO Objetivos: A realização deste trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar cefalometricamente as características faciais de indivíduos pertencentes ao município do Rio de Janeiro-RJ, bem como mensurar a prevalência de maloclusão. Métodos: Para este estudo, 531 indivíduos do gênero masculino pertencentes às organizações militares do Rio de Janeiro foram submetidos à ficha clínica do curso de Mestrado em Ortodontia da Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, dos quais se obteve a prevalência de maloclusão. Resultados: Dessa amostra, observou-se que 22 indivíduos possuíam oclusão normal e que nunca haviam se submetido a tratamento ortodôntico. Nesses pacientes foram feitas tomadas de telerradiografias de cabeça em norma lateral e avaliadas as grandezas cefalométricas: SNA, SNB, ANB, Eixo "Y", NS.Go-Me, FMA, FMIA, IMPA, 1.NA, 1-NA, 1.NB,1-NB, 1.1, 1.SN, 1.Go-Gn, SN.PLO, AO-BO, Linha H, ângulo Z, P-NB, AFA, AFP e IAF. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise com nível de significância de 5% (p< 0,05) e utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e o erro de Dalbergh. Os resultados mostraram que do total da amostra avaliada, a maloclusão foi de 44,3% de Classe I; 29,5% de Classe II; 17,2% de Classe III e 9,2% de oclusão normal. Conclusão: Os indivíduos com oclusão normal do município do Rio de Janeiro apresentaram características cefalométricas condizentes com muitas medidas padrões descritas na literatura, exceto para o incisivo superior que apresentou-se vestibularizado e o incisivo inferior bem inclinado para vestibular.

Understanding the main factors that influence consumer quality perception and attitude towards meat and processed meat products.

Meat and meat products consumer behaviour is becoming less predictable. The objective of this review was to determine the attributes associated with the consumer's perception of quality and identify factors influencing the perception and consequent attitude. In conclusion, the findings showed that factors impacting nutritional quality, chemical and biological hazards, animal welfare, beliefs, and fraud could affect consumers' perception of how safe meat products are. Consumers positively perceive sensory attributes and recognize meat's nutritional value, still concerned with fat. Animal welfare and environmental impact have become significant drivers of consumer perception. The presence of chemical additives is a severe concern. Information received by consumers through media strongly influences perception and behaviour. The negative stigmatization of meat and meat products and beliefs often not scientifically-based shapes consumer perception. Their sensory impact and price frame the acceptance of animal production or processing modifications.